Final answer:
In social sciences, case studies deeply examine a single subject, surveys collect data from large samples for generalization, naturalistic observation focuses on subjects in their natural settings, and archival research utilizes existing records to answer questions.
Step-by-step explanation:
Matching potential problems with the type of descriptive research method that is most likely to apply can be a key step in designing a research project or understanding existing research. Three common research methods used in the social sciences include case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation. A case study is an in-depth examination of a single subject, such as Sigmund Freud's in-depth interviews over an extended period that contributed to the development of his theory of human personality. Surveys are used to collect data from relatively large samples, allowing for results that can be generalized to the larger population; however, the data collected can be limited and subject to self-report biases. Naturalistic observation involves studying subjects in their natural environment without intervention, producing a rich depth of data but often limited in scope due to small sample sizes. Finally, the use of existing records to answer research questions is known as archival research, which can provide inexpensive ways to collect data, although researchers have no control over the initial data collection process.