Final answer:
The allowed level of cognitive and emotional risk in psychological research today is minimal. Researchers must prevent significant harm and be systematic and thoughtful in addressing potential emotional distress.
Step-by-step explanation:
The amount of cognitive and emotional risk to participants allowed in psychological research today is A) Minimal risk.
Psychological researchers are required to ensure that their studies do not cause significant distress or harm to participants.
While it is acknowledged that some discussions, such as those revolving around sensitive personal experiences, may lead to discomfort, the goal is to limit these cases to what is deemed acceptable and manageable.
The concept of 'minimal risk' generally signifies that the anticipated harm or discomfort is not greater in and of itself than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or during routine physical or psychological examinations or tests.
It is the responsibility of researchers to be both systematic and thoughtful in mitigating potential emotional harm to their participants, recognizing that what may be harmful to one individual may not be to another.