Final answer:
In descriptive research methods like archival research, case studies, longitudinal studies, naturalistic observation, and surveys, each method is suited for specific types of research. Archival research analyzes existing data, participant observation is often used by symbolic interactionists, case studies provide in-depth analysis of individuals, and longitudinal research observes changes over a period of time. All have their own strengths and limitations regarding generalizability, possible biases, and the types of conclusions that can be drawn from the data.
Step-by-step explanation:
Descriptive Research Methods in Psychology
To determine the appropriate descriptive research method for various scenarios presented by a student, we must consider the context and the type of data that needs to be gathered. Here are explanations for the scenarios mentioned:
- Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as archival research. Since this method involves analysis of existing data, researchers do not have control over how data was collected.
- A symbolic interactionist who aims to understand social interactions and meanings would most likely use participant observation as it allows for immersion into the social setting and a nuanced view of social dynamics.
- Sigmund Freud's method for developing his theory of human personality, which involved in-depth interviews over an extended period with a few clients, is called a case study. This research approach offers detailed insight into individual cases but has limited generalizability.
- Observing behavior over time to gather comprehensive data is known as longitudinal research. Such studies follow a group of participants for an extended period to observe changes and development.
Each method, case studies, surveys, naturalistic observation, archival research, longitudinal, and cross-sectional research has unique strengths and limitations. For example, case studies provide in-depth data but may not be generalizable, whereas surveys can reach large populations but may suffer from self-report bias. Correlation refers to the relationship between variables without implying causation, while causation implies one variable is the result of another.
Naturalistic observation offers the opportunity to see behaviors in their natural environment, minimizing artificial influence; however, generalizing these observations can be challenging. Lastly, studies like the controlled experiment provide evidence for cause-and-effect relationships which other correlational methods cannot ascertain.