Final answer:
The sloughing of the uterine lining is known as menstruation, occurring during the menses phase of the menstrual cycle.
Step-by-step explanation:
The sloughing of the uterine lining is referred to as menstruation. This process occurs during the first phase of the uterine cycle, known as the menses phase, which is part of the larger menstrual cycle. The menstrual cycle is an approximately 28-day cycle of changes in the uterus and includes the menses phase when the endometrial lining that built up during the previous cycle is shed if fertilization has not occurred. The menstrual cycle also contains the proliferative phase, where the lining builds again until ovulation, and the secretory phase, where the uterus prepares to receive an embryo. As for the options given, endometriosis refers to a condition where endometrial-like tissue is found outside the uterus, which can lead to infertility. Pelvic inflammatory disease is an infection of the female reproductive organs, and menopause signifies the end of a woman's menstrual cycles, typically around age 50. The term 'The Montreal cycle' does not pertain to any recognized biological process related to the menstrual cycle.