Final answer:
Facultative anaerobic organisms can make ATP through aerobic respiration with oxygen or switch to fermentation without it, and include bacteria like Escherichia coli and Staphylococci.
Step-by-step explanation:
The types of organisms that convert glucose and oxygen into water and carbon dioxide, and include both aerobes and facultative aerobes, are facultative anaerobic organisms. These organisms, primarily prokaryotic, are adept at making ATP through aerobic respiration when oxygen is present.
However, in environments lacking oxygen, they can switch to fermentation to produce ATP. Some examples of facultative anaerobic bacteria that are significant to human health include Staphylococci, Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium, and Listeria species.
Facultative anaerobic organisms can survive in a variety of environments, from oxygen-rich to oxygen-depleted. This versatility is in contrast to obligate aerobes, which require oxygen to survive, and obligate anaerobes, which cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.
Therefore, facultative anaerobes fall into a unique adaptive category where they can utilize oxygen if it's available but are not dependent on it for survival.