Final answer:
Freud and Parsons attribute male violence to socialization and culture, highlighting the role of societal pressures and repressed desires in aggressive behavior. Social disorganization and conflict theory further support the impact of societal structures on aggression.
Step-by-step explanation:
Sigmund Freud and Talcott Parsons explained the roots of male propensity to violence as B) Socialization and culture. Freud's theories focused on the conflict between biological drives and societal pressures, where repressed desires, formed due to the process of socialization, could later manifest in various forms including violence. Parsons, a sociologist, similarly recognized the role of societal expectations in the behavior of individuals. He emphasized the importance of social structures and norms in shaping behavior. Both thinkers saw aggression not as a product of biological predisposition or psychological disorders, but as an outcome influenced by the complex process of an individual's integration within a social context.
The debate on the roots of violence has been enriched by various theories, including the social disorganization theory, which highlights the influence of factors such as poverty and family disruption on crime and deviance. Conflict theory, inspired by Karl Marx, attributes aggression and deviance to social and economic inequalities, offering a stark contrast to functionalist views. These theories collectively emphasize the significance of socialization, culture, and structural factors in understanding human aggression and behavior.