Final answer:
The question explores different behavioral reactions to stress, including maladaptive ways such as substance abuse and healthier strategies such as (b) healthy coping mechanisms, (c) stress inoculation, and (d) cognitive restructuring.
Step-by-step explanation:
When faced with stress, individuals employ various coping strategies to manage its impact. The question pertains to the behavioral reactions to stress, implicating different ways people cope with stressors in their lives. These reactions include substance abuse, healthy coping mechanisms, stress inoculation, and cognitive restructuring.
Substance abuse is a maladaptive coping mechanism that involves using drugs or alcohol to alleviate stress. This can lead to a substance use disorder which one can define according to DSM-5 as a compulsive pattern of drug use despite the negative consequences, including the risk of addiction and dependence.
Next, healthy coping mechanisms such as exercise, establishing social support networks, and utilizing relaxation techniques like meditation are constructive ways to cope with stress. These techniques can mitigate the negative physiological and cognitive effects that stress has on the body.
Stress inoculation is a strategy that involves preparing oneself to handle stressful events before they happen, which often includes rehearsing coping strategies and gaining confidence in one's ability to handle stress. Cognitive restructuring involves changing the way one thinks about stressors, often by reinterpreting a negative situation in a more positive light or by challenging irrational beliefs.
In conclusion, while some individuals may resort to unhelpful behaviors like substance abuse when dealing with stress, others may adopt healthier strategies or psychological approaches like stress inoculation and cognitive restructuring to manage stress more effectively.