Final answer:
The government institution responsible for managing the money and credit supply in the economy is the central bank, such as the Federal Reserve in the US.
Step-by-step explanation:
The government institution that has responsibility for the amount of money and credit supplied in the economy as a whole is the central bank. The central bank conducts monetary policy and plays a crucial role in maintaining the financial stability of a country. Notable central banks include the Federal Reserve (US), the European Central Bank, the Bank of Japan, and the Bank of England. The Federal Reserve, in particular, is structured to be semi-decentralized and is responsible for monetary policy, bank regulation, and providing banking services to both commercial banks and the federal government without requiring congressional approval for its decisions.