Final Answer:
A correct temporal relationship in research look like and are vulnerable to A) Correct temporal relationship: Exposure precedes outcome; Vulnerable to selection bias. (option A)
Step-by-step explanation:
In research, a correct temporal relationship ensures that the exposure (independent variable) precedes the outcome (dependent variable), allowing for a logical and causal connection. Option A correctly highlights this principle, emphasizing that exposure precedes the outcome in time. However, it also acknowledges a vulnerability to selection bias. Selection bias occurs when the participants selected for the study are not representative of the population, potentially leading to skewed results.
Understanding the Temporal Relationship:
To establish causality, it is crucial that the exposure comes before the outcome. For example, in a study investigating the impact of smoking (exposure) on lung cancer (outcome), the temporal relationship ensures that individuals are observed over time, and smoking behavior is assessed before the development of lung cancer.
Addressing Vulnerability to Selection Bias:
Selection bias can compromise the validity of research findings by introducing systematic differences between the exposed and unexposed groups. Researchers employ various strategies to mitigate selection bias, such as randomization and careful participant selection methods. Awareness of this vulnerability is essential in designing studies that yield reliable and generalizable results.
In summary, while correct temporal relationships are fundamental for establishing causality, researchers must also be vigilant in addressing potential biases, such as selection bias, to enhance the validity of their findings.(option A)