Final answer:
Altruistic behaviors in chimpanzees, particularly reciprocal altruism, are observed when they groom each other expecting a return of the favor, thus increasing social cohesion. These behaviors challenge the Selfish Gene theory as they occur among unrelated individuals.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question pertains to the observation of altruistic behaviors in chimpanzees. In the animal kingdom, behaviors that decrease the individual's fitness but increase another's are often seen as altruism. Notably, among chimpanzees, behaviors of grooming between unrelated individuals can be seen as a form of reciprocal altruism, where one performs an act with the expectation that the other will return the favor in the future. This phenomenon suggests a social contract and potentially a form of moral code within chimpanzee societies. Reciprocal altruism implies the continuous interaction between individuals, often living in the same group, and a system to deter or punish those who do not reciprocate, known as 'cheaters'.
Another important aspect in the study of altruism in chimpanzees is the impact of their genetic makeup on their behavior. According to Richard Dawkins' Selfish Gene theory, behaviors that might appear altruistic can often be explained by the gene's drive to propagate itself, particularly among related individuals. However, altruism among unrelated individuals suggests the complexity of these social behaviors and the need for further research to understand the intricacies of chimpanzee social dynamics.