Final answer:
Albedo and longwave radiation are connected to climate change, carbon impacts biogeochemical cycling, deforestation contributes to climate change, heat waves are influenced by albedo and longwave radiation, and volcanoes affect biodiversity hotspots.
Step-by-step explanation:
Albedo and longwave radiation affect climate change, but carbon influences biogeochemical cycling, therefore impacting biodiversity hotspots. Deforestation leads to changes in carbon levels, but it also affects biogeochemical cycling and thus contributes to climate change. Heat waves can exacerbate coastal flooding, but they are also influenced by changes in albedo and longwave radiation, impacting climate. Volcanoes impact longwave radiation, but they do not directly influence carbon levels, therefore affecting biodiversity hotspots.