Final answer:
From the Renaissance to the twentieth century, there was indeed a shift from theologically based ethics to those emphasizing human happiness, as seen in the rise of Utilitarianism and virtue ethics. The statement is considered true, reflecting the historical development of ethical thought.
Step-by-step explanation:
The statement suggests a shift in the basis for ethical decision-making from a theologically centered view to one focused on human well-being and happiness, particularly from the Renaissance to the twentieth century. To evaluate the validity of this statement, we must consider the context of ethical thought during this period. During the Renaissance, there was indeed a move towards humanism, which emphasized human interests and values. Ethical frameworks such as Utilitarianism, developed by Jeremy Bentham and later by John Stuart Mill, emerged and centered on the idea that the right action leads to the greatest happiness for the greatest number. This contrasts with earlier theological perspectives, where doing the right thing was primarily about pleasing God and obeying divine commandments. Furthermore, the post-modern era saw the rise of pluralist and relativist approaches to ethics, reflecting a decline in the acceptance of Natural Law Theory and a move away from absolute moral principles.
Indeed, figures like Sir William David Ross argued against over-simplifying moral life to a single principle, suggesting more complex interpretations of morality. Additionally, virtue ethics, which take a character-centered approach to morality, emphasize the cultivation of virtues for achieving a good life, as discussed by Aristotle. Hence, the suggestion that ethics became more aligned with general happiness over divine adherence becomes increasingly valid when considering these shifts in ethical thought.
Given the context and evolution of ethical frameworks, the shift towards general happiness as the motivation for doing right over pleasing God, as stated in the question, would be considered true.