Final answer:
Following the 1183 Jerusalem attack, the Frankish empire was divided into separate territories, leading to weakened states. The Hundred Years' War between England and France shifted political structures, strengthening Parliament in England and the monarchy in France. The establishment of the Carolingian dynasty also played a crucial role in the development of the papacy's territorial power.
Step-by-step explanation:
Frankish Politics After the 1183 Jerusalem Attack
After the Jerusalem attack in 1183, the Frankish empire experienced political fragmentation and the establishment of separate territories. The empire became divided into three: the Kingdom of the West Franks, the Kingdom of the East Franks, and Lotharingia. Ongoing conflicts among Louis's sons over land and influence resulted in a weakened state, unable to maintain the vision of a unified Christian empire modeled after the Roman Empire.
Meanwhile, in Europe, the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) dramatically changed the political landscape, particularly between England and France, as they disputed succession to the French throne. In England, the war fortified the role of Parliament, while in France, it solidified a strong monarchy as the national government's foundation.
The fall of the Merovingians and the rise of the Carolingians, exemplified by Charles Martel and his lineage, significantly impacted Frankish rule, with later Carolingian rulers fostering the growth of the papacy as a territorial power through land transactions like the Donation of Pepin.