Final answer:
The criticism labeled as after-the-fact attribution against population ecology is that it tends to explain events only retrospectively, rather than predicting future changes, aligning with option (a). Although population ecology aims to describe and predict population dynamics option a is answer
Step-by-step explanation:
The criticism of the population ecology view regarding after-the-fact attribution refers to critics' argument that the approach mainly explains events after they happen rather than predicting them beforehand. In other words, it's challenged for its retrospective nature and seeming lack of predictive power
Population ecologists use various methods to model population dynamics with the hopes of accurately describing changes within populations and predicting future changes. However, some traditional models have come under scrutiny for not being able to predict changes effectively, leading researchers to work on developing new, more predictive models.
Organismal ecology, community ecology, and population ecology each encompass different aspects of ecology. While organismal ecology may focus on individual adaptations, and community ecology on inter-species interactions, population ecology concentrates on understanding the number of individuals in an area and how and why their population size changes over time. option a is answer