Final answer:
Cooptation for indirect control/influence is exemplified by b) incorporating external stakeholders to facilitate decision-making, aligning with effective governance practices.
Step-by-step explanation:
An example of cooptation for indirect control/influence is b) Incorporating external stakeholders to shape decisions. This practice involves bringing outside individuals or groups into an organization or decision-making process to minimize opposition and increase support for the organization's goals.
This can lead to more effective governance through participatory decision-making and can help in reducing transaction costs associated with group decision-making by creating consensus among stakeholders.
In the context of interest groups influencing government, the activities that exemplify such influence include a) inside lobbying, outside lobbying, and ballot initiatives. These methods allow for varying degrees of participation and impact on government decisions.
The phenomenon of collective behavior is illustrated by b) A group of people interested in hearing an author speak. This showcases the social, collective experience where behavior is driven by group dynamics rather than individual action.