Final answer:
The basal ganglia is the brain structure that is connected with learning through reinforcement, playing a key role in the processing of rewards and related behaviors.
Step-by-step explanation:
The brain structure related to learning through reinforcement is the basal ganglia. It is also associated with a variety of other functions, including motor control and habit formation. The basal ganglia's role in the reinforcement learning process involves the dopaminergic signaling that is crucial for reward-based learning and decision making. The basal ganglia receive input from various regions of the brain and send output to the motor centers to help modulate movement. This structure is essentially involved in reinforcing behaviors that are associated with positive outcomes or rewards, thereby playing a central role in the learning process.