Final answer:
Self-discipline is related to self-regulation, known as will power, and is critical in goal setting and achievement. Self-efficacy pertains to confidence in one's abilities and impacts motivation and behavior. Metacognition is important for critical self-awareness and self-regulation.
Step-by-step explanation:
The concepts of self-observation, self-goal setting, self-reward, and self-punishment (or self-correcting feedback) are related to self-discipline, a form of self-regulation. Self-regulation is known as will power, which demonstrates an individual's ability to forgo immediate rewards for longer-term objectives, much like the example of Bettina foregoing cupcakes while training for a race. Furthermore, self-efficacy represents one's level of confidence in personal abilities and plays a significant role in how we approach goals and challenges, as well as in observational learning and the setting of behavior patterns. Metacognition, critical reflection, and the recognition of one's own role in controlling personal outcomes are also pivotal in improving self-regulation.