Final answer:
Archibald Garrod applied Mendel's laws of heredity to humans by studying the family history of those with a rare disease, confirming Mendelian inheritance in humans.
Step-by-step explanation:
Archibald Garrod determined that Mendel's laws of heredity could be applied to humans by d) Taking a family history of the members of a family that shared a rare disease. Garrod studied the patterns of inheritance in humans by observing families that exhibited symptoms of a rare disorder known as alkaptonuria.
He was one of the first to apply Mendel's genetic principles to humans, showing that alkaptonuria followed a recessive pattern of inheritance. This work helped establish the concept of Mendelian inheritance in humans and demonstrated that Mendel's principles were not limited to pea plants but were universal.