Question

D. Parkinson Disease (PD): 1. In your own words, describe the pathophysiology of PD. 2. What is the major triad of symptoms of PD? Explain each one.

Answer 1

Parkinson's Disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopamine neurons and accumulation of Lewy bodies, leading to symptoms such as tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity.

Step-by-step explanation:

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects the motor system. The pathophysiology of PD involves the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, a region of the midbrain. This deficiency in dopamine leads to the impairment of motor function. Additionally, abnormal protein clumps known as Lewy bodies accumulate in the brain, further contributing to the neuronal damage.

The major triad of PD symptoms consists of:

1. Tremor: An involuntary shaking that generally affects one limb or the fingers when at rest, and typically decreases during voluntary movements or sleep.
2. Bradykinesia (slowed movement): Patients experience delays in initiating movements and a general reduction in the speed of motions, impacting daily activities.
3. Rigidity: Muscles become stiff and resistant to movement, leading to discomfort and limitations in the range of motion.

Postural instability is also a common symptom, though it typically appears later in the disease progression. PD symptoms create a characteristic slow, hunched, and shuffling walk. Cognitive and emotional complications, such as dementia and depression, can also occur as PD progresses.