Final answer:
Modern mathematical notation was invented in the 17th century, which saw the replacement of Roman numerals with the decimal positional number system and the invention of algebra.
Step-by-step explanation:
The invention of modern mathematical notation is generally attributed to the work done in the 17th century. This period saw the creation of the decimal positional number system and the inception of algebra. Pioneers such as René Descartes introduced the systematic use of variables and modern algebraic notation. Therefore, the answer is b) 17th century.
For example, expressing numbers in scientific notation is a skill developed out of these advancements. Convert the number 637.8 to scientific notation is done by rewriting it as 6.378 × 102. This kind of number expression is a direct result of the mathematical advancements made in notation during the 17th century.