Final answer:
It is true that we often make categorization judgments and justify them afterwards, reflecting cognitive biases such as tribal thinking and confirmation bias. Justifications and reasoning are essential but not infallible, and fallacies can arise from unwarranted assumptions and emotions overriding logic.
Step-by-step explanation:
The statement that we often make categorization judgments and justify our judgments afterwards is true. Such behavior is connected to various cognitive biases and fallacies. For instance, people may align with groups sharing similar values (tribal thinking) and struggle to objectively evaluate conflicting information, or they may succumb to the bandwagon fallacy, adopting beliefs because they are widespread.
Moreover, confirmation bias leads us to seek information that aligns with our existing beliefs, further entrenching our initial judgments. These behaviors demonstrate that while justification is essential for beliefs to be likely true, it does not guarantee truth, and sometimes assumptions made without warrant lead to erroneous conclusions.
Fallacies arise when our reasoning is based on unjustified or false assumptions, such as the false dichotomy fallacy or when emotion and associative reasoning overshadow critical evaluation of arguments. Understanding the nature of justification and distinguishing between facts and values is crucial in developing sound reasoning.