Final answer:
Using a general theory to apply to a specific scenario is called deductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning predicts specific results from broad principles, while inductive reasoning generalizes from specific observations. Both are essential for scientific advancement.
Step-by-step explanation:
Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning in Science
Using a general theory to apply to a specific scenario is known as deductive reasoning. In science, deductive reasoning is often used in hypothesis-based research where scientists predict specific outcomes from a broad principle.
This form of reasoning moves from the general to the particular. On the other hand, inductive reasoning involves making a general conclusion from specific observations, going from the particular to the general.
Although inductive reasoning leads to generalizations that might not always be correct, it is crucial for formulating scientific theories. These theories then generate hypotheses that are tested using deductive reasoning. In essence, scientific progress involves the interplay of both inductive and deductive reasoning to advance knowledge.
For example, scientists may use deductive reasoning to predict that if the climate warms in a certain region, the distribution of local plant and animal species will change. By contrast, inductive reasoning might be used when a researcher notices that their favorite fruits all grow on trees, and thus generalizes that all fruits grow on trees, which is a conclusion that might be proven false by the existence of ground-growing fruits like strawberries.