Final answer:
The process of measuring outputs to compare with standards and determine if corrective action is needed is called 'feedback and control'. It is a crucial mechanism in both biological and organizational systems to maintain balance and achieve desired outcomes. The correct answer is option C, 'feedback and control'.
Step-by-step explanation:
Measuring process outputs at various points in order to compare outputs to previously established standards to determine if corrective action is needed is known as feedback and control. This concept is essential in managing and ensuring that processes are efficient and effective. Within the context of biological processes or organizational training, feedback helps in making adjustments to maintain a state of balance or to improve overall performance.
In a biological setting, this can be seen where a product in a reaction pathway inhibits the activity of an upstream enzyme to prevent the wastage of substrate and energy, which is a form of negative feedback. In organizational settings, feedback and control mechanisms are part of evaluating employee performance and training effectiveness, thereby ensuring that behaviors align with the desired outcomes, like productivity and profitability. The correct answer to the question is option C: feedback and control.