Final answer:
Inductive reasoning is used to form general theories and hypotheses from specific observations, while deductive reasoning involves making specific predictions based on general theories or principles.
Step-by-step explanation:
Inductive and deductive reasoning are both integral to the scientific method, which is a cornerstone of hypothesis-based science. Inductive reasoning involves deriving general principles from specific observations, and it is essential in the formation of hypotheses and theories. For example, if a biologist observes that different brain regions activate when individuals perform distinct tasks, they might extrapolate this data to formulate a broad theory about brain function. Conversely, deductive reasoning works from the general to the specific. It starts with a broad hypothesis or theory and makes predictions about specific cases. For instance, if a general principle states that all living things need energy to survive, then using deductive reasoning, one can conclude that ducks, as living things, require energy to survive.