Final answer:
Freud's psychosexual stages include the oral stage, where the mouth is the erogenous zone and issues may lead to oral fixations; the rectal stage, focused on toilet training with outcomes that could lead to rectal-retentive or rectal-expulsive personalities; and the phallic stage, centering on the genitals, often exemplified by the Oedipus complex in boys.
Step-by-step explanation:
Freud's Psychosexual Stages of Development
According to Sigmund Freud, the oral stage of psychosexual development spans from birth to 1 year, where the mouth serves as the primary erogenous zone. Behaviors and activities such as eating, sucking on nipples, pacifiers, and thumbs are pivotal at this age. If the weaning process from breast or bottle is mishandled, it can lead to an individual developing an oral fixation later in life, characterized by smoking, overeating, or other oral behaviors aimed at anxiety reduction.
The next phase is the rectal stage, occurring from 1 to 3 years of age. This stage's conflict centers around toilet training. An increase in self-control and independence is expected, but improper handling of this stage by caregivers could result in two polar personality types: rectal-retentive, who is inherently tidy and perfectionistic, or rectal-expulsive, who tends to be messy and disorganized.
The phallic stage follows from 3 to 6 years, focusing on the genitals. It includes the Oedipus complex in boys and poses the potential for fixation if not properly navigated, potentially leading to vanity and ambition in adulthood.