Final answer:
In Homans' framework, group development manifests through shared norms and values, aligning with answer C. For the concept of groups that serve as behavioral standards, the term is 'reference group'.
Step-by-step explanation:
In Homans' framework, the development of groups, whether informal or formal, manifests primarily through shared norms and values according to Homans' social exchange theory. Hence, the correct answer to the student's question is C. Through shared norms and values. Homans' perspective emphasizes that the interactions within groups - the giving and receiving of rewards and penalties - are governed by the expectations and exchanges of individuals, and these interactions culminate in the establishment of group norms and values. This contrasts with a purely hierarchical or regulatory view of group formation and sustains a more emergent, negotiated, and shared aspect of group development.
Regarding question 6 from the provided information, a group whose values, norms, and beliefs come to serve as a standard for one's own behavior is known as a c. Reference group. These are often the groups that individuals aspire to belong to or identify with and use as a benchmark for evaluating their own behavior and decisions.