Final answer:
Examples of thinking not included in critical thinking are ruminative thinking, random thought, and negative thinking because they lack the purposefulness, logical structure, and constructive intention characteristic of critical thinking.
Step-by-step explanation:
In considering which examples of thinking are not included in critical thinking, it's important to understand what constitutes critical thinking. Critical thinking involves reflective and analytical approaches, assessing facts, considering evidence, and employing logic over quick judgments and gut reactions. Therefore, the examples of thinking not included in critical thinking are:
- Ruminative thinking: This is repetitive, often negative, and introspective thinking that is typically unproductive and not directed towards solving a problem.
- Random thought: These are thoughts that arise without any specific purpose or direction, which do not align with the purposeful and logical nature of critical thinking.
- Negative thinking: While critical thinking involves skepticism and questioning, negative thinking is often unconstructive and not focused on rational evaluation or problem-solving.
On the other hand, Directed thinking and Problem-oriented thinking are both integral to critical thinking, as they focus on rational assessment and problem resolution.