Final answer:
The ethical dilemmas from the given options are: using a surrogate for a pregnancy, treating a very premature patient, and treating a very ill patient against their wishes.
Step-by-step explanation:
From the given options, the ethical dilemmas are:
- Using a surrogate for a pregnancy: This involves the ethical consideration of consent, agency, and potential exploitation of the surrogate.
- Treating a very premature patient: This dilemma raises questions about the best course of action for the welfare of the patient and the allocation of limited resources.
- Treating a very ill patient against their wishes: This raises the ethical dilemma of conflicting autonomy and beneficence, where the healthcare professional must balance the patient's autonomy with their duty to provide care.