Final answer:
Correct option: B: Mountain formation and earthquakes. The Earth's surface is shaped by the movement of tectonic plates, with evidence provided by mountain formation and earthquakes. These phenomena occur due to the collision and movement of crustal plates, and are explained by the theory of plate tectonics, which also accounts for a variety of other geological features.
Step-by-step explanation:
Evidence of Tectonic Plate Movement
The correct answer to the question is B: Mountain formation and earthquakes. Both phenomena are directly related to the movements of tectonic plates. The process of mountain building, also known as orogeny, occurs when tectonic plates collide and the crust is pushed upwards, forming mountains. For example, the Himalayan mountains were formed from the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates. Earthquakes happen when there is a sudden release of energy due to the movement of plates along fault lines, which can cause the ground to shake violently.
The theory of plate tectonics explains much more than just these two processes. It is the framework for understanding the geological features and phenomena on Earth, such as continental drift, subduction zones, the creation of the Hawaiian island chain through volcanic activity, the recycling of the ocean floor, and the existence of rift zones. All these features are a result of the slow convection of the mantle, which drives the movement of the tectonic plates covering Earth's surface.