Final answer:
Jake has developed a caffeine tolerance, as he requires more coffee to achieve the same effects. Tolerance is related to physiological dependence and is distinct from withdrawal, overdose, and sensitivity to caffeine.
Step-by-step explanation:
Jake needs to consume an extra coffee to feel the same stimulating effects as he did previously, which indicates he has developed a caffeine tolerance. Tolerance occurs when a person requires more and more of a substance to achieve the effects once experienced at lower doses. Caffeine, as a central nervous system stimulant, can lead to tolerance as its repeated consumption induces physiological changes that reduce its effects over time. This is different from caffeine withdrawal, which refers to the symptoms experienced when stopping caffeine after regular use; caffeine overdose, which is consuming an excessive amount of caffeine at once leading to potentially severe health issues; and caffeine sensitivity, which is when individuals have strong reactions to even small amounts of caffeine.
It's important to recognize that caffeine addiction and physical dependence can occur with routine consumption. If a person experiences withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of caffeine, this suggests physical dependence. However, Jake's need for increased caffeine to achieve the same effect is a hallmark of tolerance, which can be a component of physiological dependence.