Question

Dr. Gardner argues that during hypnosis, consciousness splits such that one part of the mind is listening to the hypnotist while the other part is only vaguely aware of its surroundings. Dr. Pham completely disagrees and says that just believing in the power of hypnosis can be enough to alter perceptions. Which of the following is TRUE?

A) Consciousness split
B) Belief in hypnosis alters perception
C) Hypnosis has no effect on consciousness
D) Consciousness remains fully focused

Answer 1

Both theories presented by Dr. Gardner (consciousness split during hypnosis) and Dr. Pham (belief altering perceptions) have evidence supporting them, reflecting different theoretical perspectives in the field of hypnosis research.

Step-by-step explanation:

According to the theories about how hypnosis affects consciousness, Dr. Gardner argues that during hypnosis, consciousness splits in a way that is similar to the theory of dissociation. This theory posits that one part of the mind is actively engaged with the hypnotist, while another part is less aware of its surroundings, as supported by Ernest Hilgard's research on hypnosis and pain. On the other hand, Dr. Pham mentions the social-cognitive theory, suggesting that belief in hypnosis and expectations may lead individuals to perform the role of being hypnotized, thereby altering their perceptions without necessarily requiring the consciousness to split. Consequently, both A) Consciousness split and B) Belief in hypnosis alters perception are valid viewpoints emerging from different theoretical perspectives on hypnosis, and they are not mutually exclusive.