Final answer:
An illusory correlation occurs when a relationship between two variables is perceived but doesn't actually exist, commonly due to variables coinciding in time, confirmation bias, or spurious relationships.
Step-by-step explanation:
An illusory correlation is created when people believe there is a relationship between two variables when, in fact, no such relationship exists. This often happens when two separate variables occur at the same time, leading to the incorrect assertion that they are related. A classic example of an illusory correlation is the belief that human behavior changes with the phases of the moon, despite no scientific evidence supporting this claim. Identifying illusory correlations requires critical thinking and understanding that correlation does not imply causation. Other variables, sometimes called confounding factors, or the presence of a spurious relationship, may explain why two variables appear to be related. Combatting illusory correlations involves recognizing the influence of confirmation bias and using systematic observations rather than anecdotal evidence.