Final answer:
An illusory correlation is the mistaken belief that a relationship exists between two variables when, in fact, it does not. Confirmation bias plays a role in this, and to combat it, we should remember that 'correlation does not equal causation' and critically evaluate our assumptions.
Step-by-step explanation:
An illusory correlation refers to the assumption of a relationship between two variables that are either not related at all or are not as closely related as we think. This psychological phenomenon occurs when we perceive a relationship between two events or variables even when no such relationship exists. A classic example of an illusory correlation is the belief that the phase of the moon affects human behavior, despite there being no scientific evidence to support this.
One of the reasons we fall prey to illusory correlations is due to confirmation bias, where we tend to search for and recall information that supports our existing beliefs while ignoring evidence that contradicts them. This can lead to forming incorrect assumptions and prejudice, and to avoid this, it is crucial to critically evaluate evidence and be aware of our own cognitive biases.
The phrase 'correlation does not equal causation' is essential in understanding that just because two variables appear to be related does not mean one variable causes the other. Recognizing the potential for fallacies of false cause can help us avoid making unfounded assumptions based on observed correlations.