Final answer:
The Rough Riders were the volunteer cavalry known for their role in the Spanish-American War. African American soldiers also served valiantly as part of the Buffalo Soldiers, facing severe racism yet contributing significantly to U.S. victories, particularly at the Battle of San Juan Hill.
Step-by-step explanation:
The volunteer cavalry of soldiers that rode horses in the Spanish-American War and are often associated with Theodore Roosevelt are known as the Rough Riders. This unit, officially designated as the First United States Volunteer Cavalry, was comprised of a diverse group including college graduates, cowboys, and adventurers. Roosevelt sought to create a force representative of American society at the time, though African Americans and other groups were initially excluded.
African American soldiers, also instrumental in the U.S. victory, served valiantly in the war, with over ten thousand volunteering for service despite facing segregation and racism. These troops, nicknamed "Smoked Yankees" by the Spaniards, formed part of the Buffalo Soldiers and played a pivotal role alongside the Rough Riders in the Battle of San Juan Hill. Their brigade included the 13th Cavalry Regiment and others who distinguished themselves in combat, with several receiving Medals of Honor and certificates of merit for their bravery.
It is essential to recognize that African American soldiers faced not only the challenges of warfare but also systemic discrimination. Yet, their contributions to the war efforts in Cuba were significant, with soldiers fighting determinedly in spite of the hardships, helping to cement crucial victories such as the one at San Juan Hill. Their dedication and success in the face of adversity underscored the complexities of American society and the military during this era.