Final answer:
Following the 1990 census, state legislatures covered by the Voting Rights Act needed to redraw district lines to ensure equal representation, complying with the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and protecting minority voters. Post-2013's Shelby County v. Holder decision, these states enacted various voter ID laws without needing federal preapproval.
Step-by-step explanation:
Because of the 1990 census, state legislatures in states either partially or completely covered by section 5 of the Voting Rights Act (VRA), as well as legislatures in states with sufficient minority population to fear Section 2 claims, felt they were responsible for redrawing district lines to comply with the changing demographics to ensure the protection of minority voters and maintain equal representation in compliance with the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. After the ratification of the Twenty-Fourth Amendment in 1964, and more significantly, the passage of the VRA in 1965, these states were under the purview of federal oversight. They had to seek approval before making any changes to their election laws to avoid discrimination based on race. However, the Shelby County v. Holder (2013) decision by the Supreme Court eliminated the requirement for preapproval, leading many of these states to enact various voter ID laws and policy changes, some of which were challenged in courts.