Final answer:
The Indo-Aryans developed the Hindu caste system, a form of social stratification based on hereditary castes. This system, which originated around 1500 BCE, is reinforced by concepts of karma and dharma within Hinduism and still influences Indian society today.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Indo-Aryans and the Caste System
The Indo-Aryans developed a system that still exists today called the Hindu caste system. Originating around 1500 BCE when Aryan warriors conquered northern India, this social stratification structured society into hierarchical groups known as castes. Birth determined a person's caste, and it dictated their societal role for life. Initially, society was divided into four primary categories, or varnas: Brahman (priests), Kshatriya (warriors), Vaishya (merchants and farmers), and Shudra (servile people). This system was reinforced by religious beliefs in karma and dharma, where one's actions and adherence to caste duties could influence their next life through reincarnation.
Over centuries, the caste system has evolved to include thousands of subcastes and is intimately tied into Hindu religious beliefs. Despite legal reforms in the 20th century and India's self-rule and economic modernization, the caste system's influence persists, reflecting deeply rooted traditions and societal norms.