Final answer:
Descriptive representation is about mirroring constituent demographics in Congress, while substantive representation means acting on constituent interests through policy. Congress reflects some level of descriptive representation, but its effectiveness at substantive representation can vary.
Step-by-step explanation:
The concept of representation in Congress can fundamentally be understood through two different lenses: descriptive representation and substantive representation. Descriptive representation refers to the extent to which a body of representatives mirrors the descriptive characteristics of its constituencies, such as class, race, ethnicity, and gender. In contrast, substantive representation describes the degree to which representatives 'act for' their constituencies by pursuing and advancing policies that reflect their constituents' interests.
While descriptive representation focuses on the similarity between representatives and constituents in terms of personal characteristics, substantive representation is concerned with legislative actions and policy advocacy. Although descriptive representation can facilitate a symbolic connection and may suggest constituents value seeing themselves reflected in their legislature, it does not guarantee attention to the specific policy needs or preferences of those constituents. Conversely, substantive representation can occur regardless of a representative's personal characteristics, provided they effectively address and advance their constituents' policy interests.
Regarding which Congress is better at, the answer is nuanced. While Congress typically features racial, gender, and ethnic diversity that reflects the nation to some extent, it is debatable how well it engages in substantive representation since factors like majority party control, committee assignments, and leadership positions influence legislative outcomes. Additionally, the efficacy of African American members in Congress, although facing systemic challenges, demonstrates that both descriptive and substantive representations are crucial for comprehending their role in the legislative process.