Final answer:
The ancient Mesopotamians primarily grew crops such as barley, sesame seeds, and dates as staple crops, with barley being a major part of their diet.
Step-by-step explanation:
The main staple crops of the ancient Mesopotamians included barley, sesame seeds, and dates. These crops were crucial for the sustenance of Mesopotamian society and were cultivated using the fertile land and water resources provided by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The use of irrigation and the domestication of agricultural techniques played significant roles in the successful growth of these staples. Barley especially was widely consumed, forming a substantial part of the diet of commoners and being essential for making bread and other food products. In the context of the ancient world and the Fertile Crescent, these crops were among the earliest to be domesticated and played a foundational role in the development of stable, urban societies.