Final answer:
A 26 month-old child saying 'no' and refusing to follow directions is a normal part of development, as they are expressing their need for independence. This behavior is consistent with Erikson's stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt, which typically occurs during the toddler years. Caregivers should support the child's autonomy to foster a healthy sense of self-esteem and independence.
Step-by-step explanation:
A 26 month-old child's refusal to follow directions and the constant use of 'no' signifies a developmental stage where the child is expressing a need for independence. This behavior is typical during the toddler years and aligns with Erikson's psychosocial stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt, where toddlers work to assert their independence. This stage is characterized by the child's desire to perform tasks themselves, displaying what is known as the 'me do it' phase.During this time, a healthy development involves allowing the child to make simple choices and supporting their attempts at independence. Providing opportunities for the child to act on their environment and make decisions supports their developing autonomy. This contributes to a positive sense of self-esteem and an understanding of their individuality, which becomes more apparent when they recognize themselves in a mirror, typically by 18 months.It is important for caregivers to foster this sense of independence so that the child does not develop feelings of shame and doubt about their capabilities.