Final answer:
The major victory in 1781 that allowed the re-taking of South Carolina was the Battle of Cowpens, a decisive encounter where the American Continental Army defeated British forces led by General Daniel Morgan.
Step-by-step explanation:
The major victory in early 1781 for the Continental Army in the American Revolution that led to the re-taking of South Carolina by Patriot forces was the Battle of Cowpens. Fought on January 17, 1781, this battle was a turning point in the southern campaign of the American Revolution. Under the command of General Daniel Morgan, American forces executed a double envelopment of British forces, leading to a decisive victory.
Despite initial successes in the South, British forces under General Charles Cornwallis faced significant challenges. General Nathanael Greene, having taken command of the southern Continental Army in late 1780, applied a strategy of attrition, effectively engaging in smaller, decisive actions that eroded British strength over time. The Battle of Cowpens significantly weakened British efforts and influenced Cornwallis to abandon his plan for subduing South Carolina, setting the stage for further American advances and ultimate victory in Yorktown later that year.
The enduring significance of Cowpens and other battles emphasizes the resilience and tactical ingenuity of the Continental Army, especially considering early losses and hardships, such as the Siege of Charleston. Under leadership from figures like Washington and Greene and with international support from allies like France and Spain, the Continental Army was able to recover from setbacks and achieve ultimate success in the American Revolution.