Final answer:
The historical figure most closely associated with urban social reform in the late 1800s is Theodore Roosevelt, a key leader of the Progressive movement who transformed presidential activism. Chester A. Arthur made significant strides in civil service reform, and Sigmund Freud's ideas influenced the new morality of the 1920s.
Step-by-step explanation:
When it comes to urban social reform in the late 1800s, the historical figure most closely associated with these efforts is Theodore Roosevelt. As a leader of the Progressive movement, Roosevelt's presidency transformed the executive branch and set a new standard for American politics. He displayed remarkable courage in his confrontations with big business and was willing to side with workers in capital-labor disputes, which makes him a key figure in Progressive reforms related to urban conditions and social justice.
Chester A. Arthur was the president who made significant steps toward civil service reform. The popularization of Sigmund Freud's ideas encouraged the new morality of the 1920s. As for Woodrow Wilson, he appointed William Jennings Bryan as Secretary of State to pursue his goal of using American influence overseas only when it was a moral imperative.