Final answer:
An effective reference group should provide clear norms and standards, maintain a meaningful connection with the individual, and possess the ability to enforce group standards. Reference groups, such as a team of athletes or a music club, become part of a person's self-identity, guiding their behavior and aspirations.
Step-by-step explanation:
To determine what criteria a reference group needs to meet in order to be effective, one must consider several factors. An effective reference group should provide clear norms and standards that are relevant to the individual's life and goals. Additionally, there needs to be a level of admiration or identification with the group by the individual, so that the group's influence is meaningful and motivational.
For example, a group of athletes may serve as a reference group for a young person interested in sports. To be effective, it should model values such as teamwork, dedication, and healthy competition. In the case of a student entering college, finding reference groups that align with their interests, such as intramural sports or music clubs, can help in their social integration and self-identification process. These groups should also have the capability to monitor behaviors and provide appropriate rewards or consequences to ensure that the group's standards are upheld.
The effectiveness of a reference group also depends on the strength of the individual's connection to the group and the consistency of the group's message. Having multiple reference groups can result in competing messages, so individuals must navigate which norms and standards they choose to adopt.