Final answer:
SERMs, including Clomiphene, Tamoxifen, and Raloxifene, have an increased risk of thrombi as a side effect, particularly for certain individuals with specific health histories. Hormone therapy and birth control also share some risks and are used with guidelines to minimize potential negative outcomes.
Step-by-step explanation:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) such as Clomiphene, Tamoxifen, and Raloxifene are drugs that have a high affinity for estrogen receptors and exhibit both estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects depending on the target tissue. They are used to treat and prevent certain conditions that are influenced by estrogen, such as breast cancer and osteoporosis. However, SERMs have been associated with several potential negative side effects. These side effects include an increased risk of thrombi (blood clots), which can potentially lead to strokes or heart attacks. This risk is particularly relevant to individuals who are older than 35 and smoke, or those with a history of blood clots or certain types of cancer, like breast, liver, or endometrial cancer.
In the context of hormone therapy (HT) and birth control, the use of synthetic estrogens and progestins can mimic the functions of natural hormones in the body, such as preventing ovulation or relieving menopausal symptoms. Despite their benefits, these therapies are associated with similar risks, including cardiovascular issues and various types of cancer. The use of hormone therapy after menopause can also lead to decreased bone density and subsequent osteoporosis, while it might offer some protection from colon cancer and heart disease. Current guidelines for HT suggest using the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration necessary, typically less than 5 years, and recommend regular health screenings for those undergoing treatment.