Final answer:
Increased urinary concentrations of oxalate and uric acid promote kidney stones, whereas citrate and high fluid intake prevent them. High dietary calcium also prevents them by binding oxalates in the gut.
Step-by-step explanation:
Kidney stones are a medical condition where crystalline substances accumulate in the kidneys, which can be influenced by various factors in the urine. Increased urinary concentrations of oxalate and uric acid typically promote kidney stone formation, while citrate may help prevent them due to its role in inhibiting stone formation. High fluid intake is generally recommended to prevent stones, as it dilutes the urine and reduces the concentration of stone-forming substances. Surprisingly, a high dietary calcium intake can prevent stones from forming since dietary calcium binds with oxalates in the gut, which prevents both from being absorbed and later excreted as urine where they could form stones.
Additionally, lifestyle and genetic factors can predispose individuals to develop kidney stones. Preventive measures include staying well-hydrated, consuming less animal protein, and avoiding foods high in sodium and oxalate.