Final answer:
A fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus and anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint can injure the axillary nerve and the posterior circumflex humeral artery.
Step-by-step explanation:
Fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus and anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint can result in injury to a specific nerve and artery. The nerve at risk is the axillary nerve, which passes close to the surgical neck of the humerus and can be damaged when a fracture occurs in this area. Along with the nerve, the posterior circumflex humeral artery is also in proximity to the surgical neck of the humerus and can be compromised during such injuries, leading to vascular issues in the arm.
The axillary nerve is responsible for innervating the deltoid and teres minor muscles and for providing sensation to part of the shoulder. Any injury to this nerve can lead to weakness or loss of movement in these muscles and loss of sensation in the skin covering part of the deltoid muscle. Meanwhile, the posterior circumflex humeral artery, a branch of the axillary artery, supplies blood to the shoulder joint and nearby muscles, and its injury could lead to vascular insufficiency in the affected limb.