Final answer:
Certain drugs such as heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamines, along with nearly all prescription and over-the-counter medicines, are associated with increased risk of neural tube defects in pregnancy. Additionally, a deficiency in folic acid during early pregnancy can lead to such defects, which makes the adequate intake of this vitamin crucial. Teratogens like smoking and exposure to certain diseases and chemicals should also be avoided.
Step-by-step explanation:
The use of certain drugs during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of neural tube defects. Specifically, the use of heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, and almost all prescription medicines are considered teratogens, substances that can cause fetal abnormalities. Moreover, a deficiency in vital nutrients such as folic acid, which is vital for neural tube development, can lead to neural tube defects like spina bifida and anencephaly. Ensuring adequate folic acid intake during the early stages of pregnancy is essential to reduce the risk of these conditions. Other suspected teratogens that should be avoided during pregnancy include certain pesticides, such as those containing methyl iodide, and chemicals found in plastics like bisphenol A.
It is also crucial for pregnant women to avoid exposure to other known teratogens such as excessive alcohol consumption, exposure to certain diseases such as rubella, and possibly certain environmental chemicals and compounds. Smoking during pregnancy can also lead to growth ret_ardation and contribute to a range of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Ensuring a healthy environment and proper nutrition during pregnancy are key steps in preventing neural tube defects and ensuring the overall health of the fetus.