Final answer:
The two most common adverse effects of long-term lithium therapy are renal dysfunction and hypothyroidism, both of which can also affect a fetus. Regular monitoring of kidney and thyroid function is necessary for those on lithium therapy, especially for women of childbearing age who are pregnant or planning to conceive.
Step-by-step explanation:
Common Adverse Effects of Long-Term Lithium Therapy-
The two most common adverse effects of long-term lithium therapy include renal (kidney) dysfunction and hypothyroidism. Renal dysfunction can manifest as a decrease in the kidney's ability to concentrate urine, potentially leading to conditions such as nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. The impact on the thyroid can result in hypothyroidism, causing symptoms such as abnormal weight gain, fatigue, and cold intolerance. Both of these adverse effects may also pose risks to a fetus if lithium is used during pregnancy.
It is important for individuals on long-term lithium therapy to have regular monitoring of kidney and thyroid function to manage these potential side effects. Additionally, due to the risks associated with fetal exposure, women of childbearing age should consult with healthcare professionals about the use of lithium if they are planning to conceive or are pregnant.