Final answer:
The minimum necessary standard limits the use, disclosure, and requests for PHI to the minimum amount needed. It doesn't apply to exchanges between providers or to uses or disclosures made to the individual or pursuant to the individual's authorization.
Step-by-step explanation:
The minimum necessary standard refers to limiting the use, disclosure, and requests for Protected Health Information (PHI) to the minimum amount needed to carry out the intended purposes. It doesn't apply to exchanges between providers treating a patient or to uses or disclosures made to the individual or pursuant to the individual's authorization. So, the correct answer is d) all of the above.