Final answer:
All the listed processes are anaerobic except pyruvate oxidation, which is part of aerobic respiration and requires oxygen. The correct answer is d. pyruvate oxidation.
Step-by-step explanation:
Among the options listed, all anaerobic processes except d. pyruvate oxidation. Anaerobic processes occur without oxygen. Alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation are both types of anaerobic respiration that follow glycolysis. In alcoholic fermentation, the conversion of pyruvic acid to ethanol and carbon dioxide occurs, while in lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is converted to lactic acid, which can happen in animal skeletal muscles. On the other hand, pyruvate oxidation is a step in aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen to proceed and is part of the process that occurs after glycolysis before the citric acid cycle. Pyruvate oxidation is an aerobic process that occurs in the presence of oxygen. It is the link between glycolysis (which is anaerobic and occurs in the cytoplasm) and the citric acid cycle (which is aerobic and occurs in the mitochondria). During pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria and undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to form acetyl-CoA, releasing carbon dioxide and producing NADH in the process.