Final answer:
North Carolina and Rhode Island were the last two states to ratify the Constitution, with Rhode Island being the last on May 29, 1790.
Step-by-step explanation:
The last two states to ratify the Constitution after the new government had already begun functioning were North Carolina and Rhode Island. North Carolina ratified the Constitution on November 21, 1789, becoming the twelfth state to do so. However, the very last state to ratify was Rhode Island, which ratified the Constitution on May 29, 1790, after remarkably not participating in the Philadelphia Convention where the Constitution was drafted. Rhode Island was skeptical about the new national government, which led to its delayed ratification.